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Course 406 - Theology of Work

Course 406 - Theology of Work (3 credits) This course will look at the theology of work and how work fits into ministry and God’s Kingdom.

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Proposal for a "Digital Second Harvest" to Help the Poor and End Piracy

harvest.jpgIt seems like every day I'm reading a new article about the battle between corporations and individuals over copyright and piracy, and it gets old. The problem is that both sides have lost the moral high ground in the debate. Here is a proposal to put both sides on the moral high ground and end the wars over copyright.

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Seven of the toughest decisions a doctor may face

Walker, L.A. (1987, November 29). Seven of the toughest decisions a doctor may face. Parade Magazine.

OVERVIEW

Today’s teenagers want to discuss bioethics. This article will get a discussion going. "Technology, the sorcerer’s apprentice, has brought us incredible good, yet we’re confronted with more confusion than ever before." The author cites the anxiety of many doctors, the increase of medical insurance premiums and medical lawsuits. Issues found mostly in ponderous textbooks are here presented in a way that challenges youthful consideration. A clergyperson, lawyer, and doctor will make this a very significant discussion.

  • "How do you decide when it’s time to pull the plug?" Brain-dead patients have recovered—even when the family has asked that they be allowed to die in dignity. Others in comas for long periods of time have come back to normal life. Recovered patients and family are now glad for efforts to preserve life. On the other hand, many have suffered terrible loss of dignity—at high financial cost to hospitals and family. Who and how are we to decide? How do religion and the legal system advise doctors and families?
  • "What do you do when insurance companies won’t allow ample hospital time?" Dr. Jennifer Gordon of Boston Children’s Hospital says, "Some patients might be fine in the hospital after three days for a certain procedure. But some who aren’t ready to be released go home and get sicker. Then they have more complications and far more suffering. It’s crazy."
  • "Who gets the one available kidney: a 45-year-old woman or a 53-year-old man?"
  • "How do you feel about abortion?" One doctor admitted: "I don’t know what I would do if I knew my wife was carrying a severely retarded child."
  • "What happens when patients do not want to know they have cancer?" Sometimes neither partner in a marriage will face the reality of a terminal disease. It is painful when a husband denies and refuses to discuss his wife’s cancer.
  • "What about in vitro fertilization?" How far should we go in allowing people the power to choose a suitable parent for their child?
  • "What do you do with a baby so handicapped there is no hope of it leaving the hospital?" Dr. Gordon describes one such case: "Each shift had as its aim keeping her (an infant with virtually no brain function or hope of survival) alive for 12 more hours, yet the entire pediatrics house staff secretly wanted her to die. In this case, medical intervention was an extremely destructive force (on divorced parents and medical staff)." This one child in a vegetative state cost the hospital hundreds of thousands of dollars. "And yet," Dr. Gordon continues, "I know that other children and adults with potential for perfectly normal lives couldn’t get care because they couldn’t afford it. All the money the hospital might have used to absorb those costs was spent on one child." On the other hand, some homes have been greatly blessed in caring for such a special child who defies medical predictions of early death and lives happily for many years.

IMPLICATIONS

  1. Curious and idealistic young people are deeply interested in such issues. They want to develop an adequate life ethic, and such discussions help them to move from "privatistic" and relativistic morality to universal principles that stick.
  2. Adolescent morality can become confused oversimplifications and a "black and white approach" to complex issues. Thoughtful consideration of these issues demonstrates the greys of so many real situations. It can develop a necessary tolerance for other viewpoints.
  3. There are several goals of such discussions:
  • To develop a sense of compassion toward those in need.
  • To develop thoughtful skills of analysis.
  • To become involved in meaningful service projects.
Dean Borgman cCYS



Gun control returns to the fore on campaign trail

Crowley, M. (2000, March 2). Gun control returns to the fore on campaign trail. The Boston Globe, p. A11.

OVERVIEW

On the last day of February, 2000, a six-year-old child took a gun to class where he shot and killed his first-grade classmate, Kayland Rolland. The young shooter lived in a house described as a drug house, without even a bed of his own. The boy’s father was in prison, and neighbors say they have never seen his mother. He had been described as an angry boy, had gotten into fights and trouble, and was scheduled for counseling the following week. But the night before, he found the loaded gun in his house lying under some blankets.

The news that same evening also told of a Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania gunman who went on an angry rampage shooting five men—two in the head. By the next day, gun control was back in the 2000 U.S. presidential campaign.

The succession of school shootings—as well as the shooting of five people at two Pittsburgh restaurants—brought scutiny to the candidates’ positions on how to control gun violence.

The day after the tragic shootings, Texas governor George W. Bush was questioned by reporters. " ‘I hope people will use trigger locks,’ " he responded. Yet, he did not ask for such legislation. John McCain, senator from Arizona has similarly voted against a gun-show background check, bans on assault weapons, and a waiting period in handgun purchases.

According to Joe Sudbay, political director for Washington’s Handgun Control, says there is little difference between the positions of Bush and McCain, on the one hand, and Gore and Bradley, on the other. " ‘The real distinctions are between the Democrats and Republicans. Both Bush and McCain are strong supporters of the gun lobby and neither have proposed licensing and registration measures.’ "

Vice President Al Gore and Senator Bill Bradley "talk frequently about measures to toughen background checks, to require trigger locks on new guns, to create licensing and registration systems to track firearms used in crimes, and to require owners to learn gun safety measures…Bradley would ‘go much farther,’ in his words, by requiring that all of the 65 million handguns in the country be licensed, and that even current owners pass safety courses and be registered."

An NRA fund-raising letter in October, 1999, read in part: " ‘Al Gore never met a gun control proposal he didn’t like—while George Bush has staked out just the opposite position.’ " On his Web site, John McCain says:

‘I can’t see how we tell a law-abiding citizen who wants to purchase a firearm for the purpose of protecting his or her family that they must wait to exercise that right.’

Two days after the shootings, President Clinton seemed to answer that question (on the "Today" show). He asked how we can require citizens to be tested and licensed to drive cars or to walk through metal detectors at airports but say it is too much trouble or contrary to the Constitution to require similar safety in regards to possession and use of handguns and assault weapons.

QUESTIONS FOR REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION

  1. What is your opinion on (U.S. Constitution) the second-amendment freedom of all citizens to "bear arms?" What is your position on gun control?
  2. How do you explain the dramatic difference in the handgun deaths of children in the USA and Canada and European countries? Do you consider the United States a violent society?
  3. How would you explain the dramatic difference between Republican and Democratic Party positions on gun control?
  4. Do you think the NRA gun lobby (and other lobbies) have too much control over U.S. legislators and politicians?

IMPLICATIONS

  1. In terms of the Second Amendment, the mythology of our country dramatized in popular movies and television shows, the popularity of gangsta rap, and eye-catching segments of the evening news, and the statistics on violent deaths, it is difficult to say that America is not a violent society. At the very least, the U.S. seems to be suffering a crisis of violence among young and old.
  2. Availability of guns is not the only, or even the most important, reason for school shootings or domestic killings. But accidental and impetuous killings are certainly made easier, and will occur more frequently, when it is easy for anyone to obtain these lethal weapons.
  3. It would seem sensible to move, step by step, to a sensible licensing for hunters, sports-persons, and collectors. It may be that improving the security of our communities will have to precede restrictions on guns for protection.
Dean Borgman cCYS


COMMUNITY ORGANIZING & DEVELOPMENT RESOURCES

 

COMMUNITY ORGANIZING & DEVELOPMENT RESOURCES

 

ORGANIZATIONS

The Asset Based Community Development Institute - Northwestern University
"The Asset-Based Community Development Institute (ABCD), established in 1995 by the
Community Development Program at Northwestern University's Institute for Policy Research, is built upon research by John Kretzmann and
John L. McKnight. The Institute spreads its findings on capacity-building community development in two ways: (1) through extensive and substantial interactions with community builders, and (2) by producing practical resources and tools for community builders to identify, nurture, and mobilize neighborhood assets."

Centre for Sustainable Community Development
Based out of Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, the Centre's mission is to encourage accountable, sustainable and appropriate community economic development in British Columbia. The CED Centre has accomplished this by provided research, training and advisory services to the CED sector in BC through a team of associates drawn from the University and CED practice.

Chalmers Center for Economic Development


"The Chalmers Center is a research and training initiative of Covenant College that specializes in community economic development. The Center training equips people with practical field-tested strategies that have been carefully developed and refined in cooperation with partnering Christian development agencies and churches worldwide."

 

CCDA (Christian Community Development Association) 
Large and small intentional communities and community organizations from all over America are brought together in this network for mutual vision and support.

Christians Supporting Community Organizing


CSCO is "a national organization which encourages evangelical, pentecostal and holiness churches to participate in existing local congregation based community organizations."
                                                                                        

 

CLIKS: County-City-Community Level Information on Kids
An initiative of the Annie E. Casey foundation, CLIKS allows users to access state-specific inventories of data from local sources, such as health departments, human services agencies, and schools. CLIKS is e a powerful new tool for community leaders, policymakers, service providers, parents and others who want to take a closer look at the local factors that affect the lives of children and families.

 

 

 

Community Toolbox
One of the most comprehensive websites out there with tools to do community development work well.

 

 

 

Communities by Choice
A great, comprehensive resource on advancing the practice of sustainable development.

 

 

 

The Corporation for National and Community Service  
1100 Vermont Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20525 This organization, centerpiece of President Clinton’s national service program, has a mandate to engage Americans of all ages and backgrounds in community-based service. AmeriCorps is one of its programs. The corporation functions as a clearinghouse of information and technical expertise for service initiatives in the U.S. and as a service "venture capitalist," providing funding on a competitive basis for state and national programs.

 

 

Emmanuel Gospel Center
A great model organization in Boston, MA. “Dedicated to the vitality of urban churches and communities.”  Check “Ministries and Staff” and “Urban Ministry Resources

 

 

 

Enterprise Development International

 

EDI works to empower the poor in developing areas by offering business training, providing small loans to poor entrepreneurs with viable business ideas and by mentoring participants through consistant professional and personal encouragement.

 

 

 

Fasten
A network of faith-based urban organizations—“sharing knowledge, strengthening connections, improving  outcomes." Encourages successful planning, practices, and evaluation of programs. 

 

 

 

Five Talents International
"Based on the parable of the talents (Matthew 25:14-30), Five Talents’ mission is to fight poverty, create jobs and transform lives by empowering the poor in developing countries using innovative savings and credit programs, business training and spiritual development."

 

 

National Low Income Housing Coalition


Committed to ending America's affordable housing crisis.

 

 

US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Policy Development and Research Information Service


HUD User can be used to obtain research reports about housing and community & economic development, datasets that can be used for original research, HUD income limits and fair market rents, etc.

 

 

 

WEBSITES

 

 

Enterweb.com

A valuable resource of CED related links.

 

 

Healthy Cities Resource List

 
Although a bit dated, this online resource of organizations and websites holds numerous valuable links to developing and sustaining healthy communities around the world.

 

ARTICLES

Baum, Gregory. “Faith-based Support for CED: God’s Call for Justice.” In Making Waves:

Canada’s Community Economic Development Magazine. Vol. 12, No. 3, Autumn 2001. 13-16.

 

DiIulio, John. “The Lord’s Work,” Brookings Review. Fall 1997: 27-31.

"Youth L.I.V.E., Halifax Nova Scotia Finalist Nova Scotia Community Economic Development Award for Innovation in Community Economic Development," (26Nov98), CED Online.

BOOKS

 

Kretzmann, John and John McKnight. (1993)  

Building Communities from the Inside Out: A Path Toward Finding and Mobilizing a Community's Assets. Evanston, IL: Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, 1993.

Perkins, John. (1982) With Justice for All. Ventura, CA

: Regal Books.

Ramachandra, Vinoth. (1996) Gods That Failed: Modern Idolatry and Christian Mission. Patternoster Press.

 

Roseland, Mark. (1998) Toward Sustainable Communities: Resources for Citizens and their Governments. New Society Publishers, 241pp.

 

 

Schumacher, E.F. (1975) Small is Beautiful: Economics as if People MatteredNew York: Harper & Row Publishers.

 

Stackhouse, Max, Peter Berger, Dennis McCann, and Douglas Meeks, eds. (1995) Christian Social Ethics in a Global Era. Nashville

: Abingdon Press.

 

FILMS

 

The Power of New Voices

 

Faith in Action - The PICO Organizing Model

 

Christen B. Yates cCYS

 


Community Faith-based Organizing and Development

 

Borgman, Dean, (2006) “Community Faith-based Organizing and Development,”  Center for Youth Studies.

 

OVERVIEW

 

 

With its emphasis on community outreach, empowerment and social justice, it should be easy to see the important role of a community church or ministry in community organizing and development. Churches need to get outside their parochial walls to collaborate with other players at the table. These potential collaborators include:
 

                • other churches

                • other faiths
                • secular organizations and agencies
                • government resources

 

Churches have a “spiritual” agenda. But they can only be faithful to the biblical mandate for God’s people to pray and work for the peace and justice of the secular city as they become involved outside their walls (see Jeremiah 29: 5-10, especially v. 7). Churches must serve the community and must cooperate with all who can help do God’s will for the community.

 

 

The idea of church involvement and initiative, charitable choice, and faith-based community development emerged in the 1990s (clearly, many churches and faith-based organizations had been working with the poor for centuries).  In the March-April 2000 issue of Sojourners magazine, Helen Slessarev wrote an article, “Saul Alinsky Goes to Church: Faith-based community organizing is taking off—with benefits for both community and church.” In this article she says, “the only way to build long-term power is by ORGANIZING PEOPLE AND MONEY around A COMMON VISION.” Some cities are far beyond others in developing a collaborative metropolitan strategy—and the follow-through needed to see such a strategy succeed.

 

 

A greater challenge is to move urban churches out of what often seems like a spiritual cocoon and to encourage pastors to relinquish some power and status within the church to cooperate with others. Of course, theological resistance may also be present. Churches need a broader biblical theology stressing social responsibility, as stated in Slessarev’s article above, “Churches that engage in community organizing recognize that SIN IS NOT JUST PERSONAL, but social and economic as well.” Such realization and new community strategies are happening around the world in this first decade of the 21st century.
               

QUESTIONS FOR REFLECTIONS & DISCUSSION

 

1.     Why are you interested in this article? How important to you is its subject and why?

2.     What most impresses you here or what most disturbs you? What criticisms or suggestions would you offer?

3.     How do you see the relationship of youth ministry, the church, and the community?

4.     Do you agree that a theology of social justice is important as a foundation for a church’s vision of community involvement? How would you express your theology of social justice (you could also add economic and environmental here as well)?

5.     Where do you see your church in terms of community involvement and social justice issues?

6.     What questions does this article raise for you, and where do you want to go from here?

 

IMPLICATIONS

 

1.     If youth ministry is to be holistic, it must be involved in families, the community, and schools.

 

2.     If the Gospel and Church are to be relevant, they must be involved in community and society.

 

D. Borgman cCYS


COMMUNITY RESOURCES

 

COMMUNITY RESOURCES

See also our Community Resource Center.

 

ORGANIZATIONS

Globally, there are many non-governmental organizations needing the help of volunteers. The U.N. and relief and development organizations can be found by asking those who are concerned with development and community. In America, volunteers and those who want to be change agents can find many organizations through which to work: Kiwanis, the Lions Club and other service organizations, the United Way, PTAs, Junior League, and churches. Also, state and local public health departments often run programs to build healthy communities.

 

America’s Promise 
Check the Five Promises and “Why We Are Here,” “Community Action,” and “Youth Action.

Center for Public Justice

    
A DC-based public policy and civic education organization that promotes "principled pluralism" - the encouragement of all faiths to flourish in the public square to bring justice to all. Coming from a reformed faith background, CPJ manages to avoid partisan politics and offer thoughtful reflection on cultivating justice for all (with a special focus on faith-based social service providers) in the public arena.

CCDA (Christian Community Development Association)

 
Large and small intentional communities and community organizations from all over America are brought together in this network for mutual vision and support.

City Cares of America

 
P.O. Box 27595, Washington, D.C. 20038, (202)887-0500  This rapidly growing non-profit organization puts busy, working people in direct-service, team volunteer projects with a variety of schedules and time commitments. Hands on Atlanta is an example. You can find this organization in Austin, Baltimore, Boston,

 

Communities in Schools
Tel: (703)519-8999 This organization brings the resources of a city into the education of promising inner city youth. It is not a grant-making organization but establishes schools within schools with mentors and resources.

Community Toolbox

One of the most comprehensive websites out there with tools to do community development work well.

CLIKS: County-City-Community Level Information on Kids


An initiative of the Annie E. Casey foundation, CLIKS allows users to access state-specific inventories of data from local sources, such as health departments, human services agencies, and schools. CLIKS is e a powerful new tool for community leaders, policymakers, service providers, parents and others who want to take a closer look at the local factors that affect the lives of children and families.

 

 

 

The Corporation for National and Community Service  
1100 Vermont Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20525 This organization, centerpiece of President Clinton’s national service program, has a mandate to engage Americans of all ages and backgrounds in community-based service. AmeriCorps is one of its programs. The corporation functions as a clearinghouse of information and technical expertise for service initiatives in the U.S. and as a service "venture capitalist," providing funding on a competitive basis for state and national programs.

 

 

Communities by Choice


A great, comprehensive resource on advancing the practice of sustainable development.

 

Emmanuel Gospel Center
“Dedicated to the vitality of urban churches and communities.”  Check “Ministries and Staff” and “Urban Ministry Resources

 

 

Fasten
A network of faith-based urban organizations—“sharing knowledge, strengthening connections, improving  outcomes." Encourages successful planning, practices, and evaluation of programs.

 

Healthy Cities Resource List

 
Although a bit dated, this online resource of organizations and websites holds numerous valuable links to developing and sustaining healthy communities around the world.

 

KidsCount Data Book Online (2004) 

10 key measures comprise an index of child well-being used to rank states and supplemental data on education, health, and economic conditions for each state. (Annie E. Casey Foundation)

KidsCount Census Data Online

KIDS COUNT has compiled indicators of child well-being released by the 2000 U.S. Census. View data on Age and Sex, Race, Hispanic Origin, Living Arrangements, Income and Poverty, Employment, Education, Language, and Disability Status.

Charlotte, Chicago, Dallas, Detroit, Lost Angeles, Memphis, Nashville, New York, Phoenix, Pittsburgh, San Diego, Washington, D.C., and many other cities.

 

Leadership Foundations of America
Coordinates Leadership Foundations in forty some
U.S. cities dedicated to the spiritual and physical renewal of communities. President, Reid Carpenter.

 

 

National Community Education Association

 

 

National Youth Leadership Council
“… a movement linking youths, educators and communities to redefine the role of youths in society… engages students in meaningful service through their schools and communities.

 

New Monasticism


Discusses the marks of the "New Monasticism" that is arising in the US and has links to forums and communities modeling these marks across the US.

 

 

Our Little Net   
Community happenings in thousands of
U.S.

communities.

 

 

Percept Group


Offers valuable community profiles for community research.

 

Pittsburgh Leadership Foundation


100 Ross Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15219,
(412)281-3752 Many U.S. cities have Leadership Foundations which act as clearing houses and initiators of urban programs of many different varieties. These private organizations have helped many community initiatives get off the ground by bringing together resources to met key needs.

 

Points of Light Foundation

  
736 Jackson Place NW, Washingon, D.C. 20503, (202)408-5162 An independent, non-profit, organization mobilizing leaders from all sectors of society and helping them to motivate their members for community service. This is not a grant-making organization; rather it works through the media, businesses, government, non-profits. It has 400 volunteer centers and 66 corporate volunteer councils throughout the US.

 

 

 

SEARCH Institute  
Check out their information under “Knowledge” which you can find on left of screen. Dedicated to healthy kids in healthy communities. Note carefully their forty developmental assets that prevent youth at risk.

 

 

 

Step One  
3605 Parry Ave., Dallas, TX
(214)821-8318 Organizes resources for a several block target area within a city. Operating in several major US cities.

The Urban Institute

 
Much research, important information, and many links.

WelfareInformation

                                                                                                                                     
All kinds of information for U.S. and by states, many links.

World Vision

                                                                                                                                           Information about this organizations in US and world, many links. 

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 

Benson, P.L. (1997). All kids are our kids: What communities can do to raise caring and responsible children and adolescents. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. This book provides the rationale for a positive approach to communities and youthful problems called "Healthy Kids Healthy Communities." It is based on 40 assets needed for healthy youthful growth, assets that can be found or developed in any community.

 

Damon, W. (1997). The Youth Charter: How communities can work together to raise standards for all our children. New York: The Free Press. Based on the research and ideas and term coined by Francis Ianni, though he departs form some of Ianni’s principles. An important basis for discussion about community and how parents, educators, police, coaches, youth leaders, and young people themselves can set high standards and live by them. Models in Wellesley, MA and a few other places; not so well in some others.

 

Entwistle, B. (1992). Making Cities Work: How two people mobilized a community to meet its needs. Pasadena, CA: Hope Publishing House. This is simply a straightforward model of hope. One couple gave themselves to bringing the two Pasadena’s (South and Northwest) together. The effects of their efforts are still felt and growing.

 

Fifer, S. & Fiffer, S.S. (1994). 50 Ways to help your Community: A handbook for change. New York: Bantam Doubleday. Here are fifty models and practical ideas that are working and that you can contact described in sections: Individual and Community Initiatives, Student and School Initiatives, Corporate and Professional Initiatives, and Getting Involved.

 

Hirsch, K. (1998). A Home in the heart of a City: A woman’s search for community. New York: North Point Press of Farrar, Straus, & Giroux. This is a friendly book beautifully describing two women’s quest for home and community. "A passionate plea for Americans to take a good look at what we have been and what we are." "...a powerful study of the agencies, individuals and emotions involved in the lives of the indigent." "An extraordinary book...For anyone who has ever looked at a homeless woman and wondered, How did she end up here?"

 

Holden, T. (1985). People, churches & multi-racial projects. London: The Methodist Church, Division of Social Responsibility. This handbook deals frankly with ethnicity, disadvantage and racism in the inner city. It provides models of black churches, multi-racial congregations, interfaith dialogue, and community centers. Besides the models presented, hard issues are faced, and recommendations made.

 

Ianni, F.A. (1989). The Search for Structure: A report on American youth today. New York: The Free Press. This extensive study of urban, rural and suburban youth found that where the messages given young people by the adults and systems around them were in conflict, they were at high risk. Its final chapter, "The Search for Structure and the Caring Community" calls for significant adult interaction with young people and the cooperation of young people in developing community standards or expectations.

 

Krestzmann, John P. and John L. McKnight. (1993) Building Communities from the Inside Out: A Path Toward Finding and Mobilizing a Community's Assets. ACTA Publications, 376pp.

 

Roseland, Mark. (1998) Toward Sustainable Communities: Resources for Citizens and their Governments. New Society Publishers, 240pp.

 

Schorr, L. with Schorr, D. (1989). Within our Reach: Breaking the cycle of disadvantage. New York: Doubleday. Her message about reviving the city is clear; it can be done! " ‘...more Americans must become convinced that we know what needs to be done and how to do it. That is why I wrote this book.’ " You will have to agree even if you have some reservations about the cost. William Safire said: " ‘A must-read book for political activists.’ " Robert Coles: " ‘A strong and compelling analysis of what has really worked...’ "

 

Shabecoff, A. & World Vision. (1992). Rebuilding our Communities: How churches can provide, support, and finance quality housing for low-income families. Monrovia, CA: World Vision. World Vision and the Community Information Exchange with advisors from Nueva Esperanza, the Appalachian Office of Justice and Peace, and the Jewish Fund for Justice collaborated in preparing this extremely practical and helpful manual. It is filled with models and resources.

 

Slater, T. (1984). The Temporary Community: Organized camping for urban society. Sutherland, Australia: Albatross Books. This book is included here because initiatives for community often fail because people do not know what community looks or feels like and do not have the skills to create community. Camping provides a phase of training needed by all urban activists and community builders.

 

Wallis, J. (1995). The Soul of Politics: Beyond "religious right" and "secular left". New York: Harcourt Brace. It was in 1971 that Jim Wallis and friends gave themselves to community which has since grown into the Sojourners Community. Its influence has been felt in its own Washington D.C. neighborhood and far beyond. Of this book, Desmond Tutu said: " ‘A tremendous and timely book...just what the doctor ordered for a hardened, cynical, disheartened and disillusioned world.’ "

 

Warren, R. (1955). Studying your Community. Free Press. Basic handbook on community research. So basic and the only one like it, too bad it’s so old and out of print.

 

Villafane, E. (1995). Seek the peace of the City: Reflections on urban ministry. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing Co. A prophetic voice for the city and for the church, whose destinies are closely linked—as many studies have shown. Here are hope and sound principles.

VIDEOS

"Holding Ground: The Rebirth of DudleyStreet." 
New Day Films,
22D Hollywood Ave., Hohokus, NJ 07423, (201)652-6590; Fax: (210)652-1973; Email:
TMCHNDY@AOL.COM

. This is a "cautionary tale of urban policies gone wrong and a message of hope for all American cities. Through voices of committed residents, activists, and city officials, this one-hour documentary shows how a Boston neighborhood was able to create and carry out its own agenda for change." Standard price: $159; Discount for small, neighborhood based non-profit community organizations, $59. Rental: $50 (may be applied toward purchase within 60 days), $10. shipping and handling.

 

Dean Borgman cCYS


The Pursuit of Fairness (John Rawls Theory of Justice)

Cohen, Joshua, “The Pursuit of Fairness (John Rawls Theory of Justice),” The Boston Sunday Globe, 1 December 2002, D1,4.
(Download this article review as a PDF)



Joshua Cohen is Goldberg Professor of Humanities at MIT and his original essay on Rawls appeared in Classics of Political and Moral Theory, ed. Stephen Cahn. The following may be considered a brief, introductory synopsis of the penetrating essay.

A professor of philosophy at Harvard for many years, John Rawls died in November of 2002. He is recognized as having revived the classical liberal tradition of Western, democratic ideals. Traditional liberal theories of economics and justice, as represented by John Locke and Adam Smith had come into disfavor of egalitarians who saw “legal rights and liberties” giving preference to the rich as over against the poor and ordinary workers. Classical liberals condemned the paternalism and sacrifice of rights made in hopes of a utopian future or happy welfare state.

Rawls’ A Theory of Justice (1971) sought to bridge the chasm between Friedrich von Hayek’s classical liberalism and Karl Marx’ s socialistic egalitarianism. Cohen explains:

(Rawls) proposed a conception of justice—he called it “justice as fairness”—that was committed in equal measure to the individual rights we associate with classical liberalism, and to egalitarian ideal of fair distribution conventionally associated with socialist and radical democratic traditions. Justice as fairness, he said, aims to effect a “reconciliation of liberty and equality.”

Although his views did not win widespread support in American politics, his work prompted a remarkable renaissance of political philosophy in the United States and elsewhere (A Theory of Justice) has been translated into more than 20 languages), and has provided the foundation for all subsequent discussion about fundamental questions of social justice.

Cohen proceeds to explain the two principles that underlie Rawls theory of justice.

The first principle—of equal basic liberties—says that each citizen has a right to the most extensive system of equal basic personal and political liberties compatible with a similar system of liberties for others…. A person’s chances to hold office and exercise political influence should be independent of socioeconomic position. Citizens with motivation and ability to play an active political role should not be disadvantaged by a lack of personal wealth.

Rawl’s second principle of justice restricts the extent of social and economic inequalities. It requires, first, that jobs and positions of responsibility—which often carry unequal rewards—must be open to everyone under conditions of fair equality of opportunity. The demand of fair equality is that people who are equally talented and motivated must have equal chances to attain desirable positions, regardless of their social background. Access to well-compensated, rewarding work should not depend on the circumstances in which people happen to have been raised.

Those disadvantaged by race and poverty immediately see the difficulty in working this out. So many things—from birth to daycare, to private school, to Ivy League, to contacts in the Big Boy Network—predetermine who will get the large slices of the pie in the end. Rawls was not only committed to address such disparity, but the inequality of natural talents themselves. In short, we might say that those with great athletic, musical, surgical or managerial skill should not be entitled to salaries extraordinarily greater than most workers.

To address this concern (Cohen continues), Rawls proposes what he calls the “difference principle,” which requires that we maximize the economic expectations of the least advantaged members of society. This striking principle requires that we limit the extent to which some people are richer than others just because they happen, though no doing of their own, to have been born with a scarce talent—say, the hand-eye coordination of a great hitter or an unusual mathematical gift.

Justice as fairness does not require flat equality: a surgeon might legitimately be paid more than a teacher because the higher income compensates for expensive training and education; income equalities might also be used as incentives to encourage lawyers or venture capitalists to take on tasks they would otherwise decline. But justice commands that such inequalities work to the greatest benefit of those who are least well-off.

Attacks from libertarians and communitarians led to Rawls’ Political Liberalism (1993) dealing more deeply and specifically with problems of religious, moral and philosophical pluralism. His Law of Peoples (1999) dealt with issues of global justice. In both these books people are brought together from different traditions, with different values and ideas of justice through his concept and process of initial contract. This is an important idea for Rawls. He asks all to imagine themselves behind a veil of ignorance… before experiencing life at all. There we are to consider what principles of justice would be fair to us no matter how we are born and raised. There are no class or ethnic lines behind this veil of ignorance. Without knowing what may lie ahead, we imagine principles of justice that would be fair in all cases.

Underlying Rawls theory seem to be presuppositions about human autonomy, the need for human community, the repository of human decency, and the notion of a common good.

This is an inadequate summary of Cohen’s fine article; and a less adequate introduction to work of John Rawls. If you are serious about justice in your society, you might want to read these books. This article is philosophical; remember that John Rawls was a philosopher. Cohen concludes his article with this paragraph:

Inevitably, philosophy will be criticized by the Aristophaneses of this world—not to mention the Machievellis—for keeping its head in the clouds, or buried in the sand. John Rawls was aware of this concern, and, in one of his final essays, acknowledged that his work might seem “abstract and unwordly” to some readers. But, he concluded, “I do not apologize for that.”

 

QUESTIONS FOR REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION


1.     How interested/concerned are you in/about justice?  How important is this idea?  In what ways? What is the cost of disinterest?

2.       What most impressed you with this article? What do you question, or what would you change, in it?

3.       How have both those on the right and the left of the political spectrum failed those who are the victims of injustice in your society?

4.       What do you think of the expression and general idea of justice with fairness?

5.       Must there not be a common idea of justice in a secular, pluralistic society?

6.       What is your concept of justice? What example of injustice most concerns you?

7.       How would you teach and defend your ideas of justice in public schools?

 

IMPLICATIONS


1.       No society can exist for long without widely accepted standards of justice.

2.       Students in the upper elementary grades and middle school are concerned and open to discussions and teaching about justice. High school students need to be asked hard questions and to discuss their ideas and implications of justice. College students should participate in efforts to improve justice.

3.       Justice and peace are basic values and goals for any society. This article makes us think a little more about the nature of both.

 

Dean Borgman  cCYS

Do U C What I C? - A Preference for the Poor

Check out this really interesting blog post (and following discussion) about God's heart for the poor among us. Do you as a Christian struggle with reaching out in practical ways to the poor and oppressed? In what ways does your church show love and compassion to the "least of these"?

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